(b) What is the kinetic energy in electron-volts? Today, mass spectrometers (sometimes coupled with gas chromatographs) are used to determine the make-up and sequencing of large biological molecules. Trails of bubbles are produced by high-energy charged particles moving through the superheated liquid hydrogen in this artists rendition of a bubble chamber. Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles in outer space, some of which approach the Earth. The ratio of the masses of these two ions is 16 to 18, the mass of oxygen-16 is 2.66 1026kg, and they are singly charged and travel at 5.00 106m/s in a 1.20-T magnetic field. I'm looking for tips and tricks on things like how to efficiently program in a magnetic field from something like an electromagnet, or how to simplify things to avoid absurd scaling as you add more particles. Which of the particles in Figure 10has the greatest velocity, assuming they have identical charges and masses? [latex]1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{7}\text{m/s};[/latex] b. For instance, in experimental nuclear fusion reactors the study of the plasma requires the analysis of the motion, radiation, and interaction, among others, of the particles that forms the system. Because the particle is only going around a quarter of a circle, we can take 0.25 times the period to find the time it takes to go around this path. (a) What electric field strength is needed to select a speed of 4.00 106m/s? (See Figure 7.) In a region where the magnetic field is [latex]\frac{w}{{F}_{\text{m}}}=1.7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-15}[/latex]. The small radius indicates a large effect. In this way, electric fields can push objects, causing currents of electricity to flow. (b) What is the ratio of this charge to the charge of an electron? when it moves through a magnetic field. The theme of this presentation was Applications of the Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field. C Montwood High School hosted the event. What radius circular path does an electron travel if it moves at the same speed and in the same magnetic field as the proton in number 2? By the right hand rule, this gives a force of F = qvB which is directed up the page. The beam of alpha-particles [latex]\left(m=6.64\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-27}\text{kg,}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}q=3.2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-19}\text{C}\right)[/latex] bends through a 90-degree region with a uniform magnetic field of 0.050 T (Figure 11.10). They are usually depicted by lines extending from a point source (such as the cathode in a vacuum tube) to the point where they meet the neutral atmosphere. My apologies for not responding in the past day or two. Measuring the Hall voltage this time would indicate that the left side of the wire is negative. (a) An oxygen-16 ion with a mass of [latex]2.66\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-26}\text{kg}[/latex] travels at [latex]5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{6}\text{m/s}[/latex] perpendicular to a 1.20-T magnetic field, which makes it move in a circular arc with a 0.231-m radius. (b) If this is done between plates separated by 1.00 cm, what is the voltage applied? (Note that TVs are usually surrounded by a ferromagnetic material to shield against external magnetic fields and avoid the need for such a correction.). CD -6 -HA -4 cxu_ O ) cl . It is now Option A. If the reflection happens at both ends, the particle is trapped in a so-called magnetic bottle. Compare their accelerations. (See More Applications of Magnetism.) The component parallel to the magnetic field creates constant motion along the same direction as the magnetic field, also shown in Equation 11.7. The component of the velocity parallel to the field is unaffected, since the magnetic force is zero for motion parallel to the field. 3: If a cosmic ray proton approaches the Earth from outer space along a line toward the center of the Earth that lies in the plane of the equator, in what direction will it be deflected by the Earths magnetic field? 1: A cosmic ray electron moves at [latex]{7.50 \times 10^6 \;\text{m/s}}[/latex] perpendicular to the Earths magnetic field at an altitude where field strength is [latex]{1.00 \times 10^{-5} \;\text{T}}[/latex]. Thermonuclear fusion (like that occurring in the Sun) is a hope for a future clean energy source. Here, [latex]{r}[/latex] is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass [latex]{m}[/latex] and charge [latex]{q}[/latex], moving at a speed [latex]{v}[/latex] perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength [latex]{B}[/latex]. Here, r is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass m and charge q, moving at a speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B. (credit: ammcrim, Flickr). What path does the particle follow? A velocity selector in a mass spectrometer uses a 0.100-T magnetic field. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The ions will be repelled from that plate, attracted to the other one, and if we cut a hole in the second one they will emerge with a speed that depends on the voltage. Electrons moving toward the screen spiral about magnetic field lines, maintaining the component of their velocity parallel to the field lines. What strength magnetic field is needed to hold antiprotons, moving at [latex]{5.00 \times 10^7 \;\text{m/s}}[/latex] in a circular path 2.00 m in radius? In TL;DR Summary. The magnetic field does not change the speed of the machine because it exerts a force perpendicular to the motion. [/latex] Because the magnetic force F supplies the centripetal force [latex]{F}_{c},[/latex] we have, Here, r is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass m and charge q, moving at a speed v that is perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B. (b) Is this field strength obtainable with todays technology or is it a futuristic possibility? What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle? Application Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field Complete Course on Physics for Class 12th Aashish Deewan Lesson 5 Sept 26, 2022 . A charged particle experiences a force in an electric field. These oscillating electrons generate the microwaves sent into the oven. Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so that it does no work on the charged particle. 5: What radius circular path does an electron travel if it moves at the same speed and in the same magnetic field as the proton in Chapter 22.5 Exercise 2? (b) Is this field strength obtainable with todays technology or is it a futuristic possibility? Lesson 4 4:30 AM . If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then we can compare each component of the velocity separately with the magnetic field. A charged particle will experience a force when placed in a magnetic field. If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then v is the component of the velocity perpendicular to the field. 1. Lesson 3 4:30 AM . First the ions are accelerated to a particular velocity; then just those ions going a particular velocity are passed through to the third and final stage where the separation based on mass takes place. (b) What would the radius of the path be if the proton had the same speed as the electron? Magnetic field strengths of 0.500 T are obtainable with permanent magnets. Now, what if the charges flowing through the wire are really negative, flowing into the page? If the charged particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field, then the force exerted on it will be zero. How Solenoids Work: Generating Motion With Magnetic Fields. Some incoming charged particles become trapped in the Earths magnetic field, forming two belts above the atmosphere known as the Van Allen radiation belts after the discoverer James A. (a) What is the magnetic force on a proton at the instant when it is moving vertically downward in the field with a speed of [latex]4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{m/s? Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles in outer space, some of which approach the Earth. It may be overkill. This is typical of uniform circular motion. r = m v q B. To illustrate this, calculate the radius of curvature of the path of an electron having a velocity of6.00107m/s(corresponding to the accelerating voltage of about 10.0 kV used in some TVs) perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B= 0.500 T (obtainable with permanent magnets). The image on the monitor changes color and blurs slightly. If the latter, Grant can handle this. Any charge moving slower than this will have the magnetic force reduced, and will bend in the direction of the electric force. Slower ions will generally be deflected one way, while faster ions will deflect another way. If the velocity is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then [latex]{v}[/latex] is the component of the velocity perpendicular to the field. A negatively charged particle moves in the plane of the page in a region where the magnetic field is perpendicular into the page (represented by the small circles with xslike the tails of arrows). (b) Discuss whether this distance between their paths seems to be big enough to be practical in the separation of uranium-235 from uranium-238. WebHere, the magnetic force supplies the centripetal force F c = mv2/r F c = m v 2 / r. Noting that sin = 1 sin = 1, we see that F = qvB F = q v B. At a given instant, an electron and a proton are moving with the same velocity in a constant magnetic field. (Note that TVs are usually surrounded by a ferromagnetic material to shield against external magnetic fields and avoid the need for such a correction.). The pitch of the motion relates to the parallel velocity times the period of the circular motion, whereas the radius relates to the perpendicular velocity component. (a) Viewers of Star Trek hear of an antimatter drive on the Starship Enterprise. The properties of charged particles in magnetic fields are related to such different things as the Aurora Australis or Aurora Borealis and particle accelerators. 4. Cosmic rays are a component of background radiation; consequently, they give a higher radiation dose at the poles than at the equator. Magnetic force can cause a charged particle to move in a circular or spiral path. [/latex] (a) What strength electric field must be applied perpendicular to the Earths field to make the electron moves in a straight line? Lesson 4 4:30 AM . (c) Through what potential difference must the particle be accelerated in order to give it this kinetic energy? 2000 2. It is also a common way of measuring the strength of a magnetic field. One of the most promising devices is the tokamak, which uses magnetic fields to contain (or trap) and direct the reactive charged particles. The electrons in the TV picture tube are made to move in very tight circles, greatly altering their paths and distorting the image. [/latex] (b) Find the radius of curvature of the path of a proton accelerated through this potential in a 0.500-T field and compare this with the radius of curvature of an electron accelerated through the same potential. -- (2) Using equation (1) and (2) F = m v 2 r = q v B. There is a uniform magnetic field pointing down the page. 4. Figure 2. (b) If this is done between plates separated by 1.00 cm, what is the voltage applied? Discuss the possible relation of these effects to the Earths magnetic field. (b) What would the radius of the path be if the proton had the same speed as the electron? (See Figure 5.) (See Figure 4.) Doubt Clearing Session. 3. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. (a) What electric field strength is needed to select a speed of [latex]{4.00 \times 10^6 \;\text{m/s}}[/latex]? Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles in outer space, some of which approach the Earth. http://cnx.org/contents/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a/College_Physics. What is the separation between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle? 1. Protons in giant accelerators are kept in a circular path by magnetic force. 7: While operating, a high-precision TV monitor is placed on its side during maintenance. The presence of magnets and magnetic fields. The tails of arrows are analogous to those of the letters S. Yes, it is possible for a charged particle to move in a magnetic field without experiencing any force. (See Figure 6.) After setting the radius and the pitch equal to each other, solve for the angle between the magnetic field and velocity or [latex]\theta .[/latex]. Doubt Clearing Session. The curvature of a charged particles path in the field is related to its mass and is measured to obtain mass information. 1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures, 2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems, 2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension, 2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics, 2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion, 3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction, 3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods, 3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods, 4.2 Newtons First Law of Motion: Inertia, 4.3 Newtons Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System, 4.4 Newtons Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces, 4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces, 4.7 Further Applications of Newtons Laws of Motion, 4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic ForcesAn Introduction, 6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force, 6.5 Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation, 6.6 Satellites and Keplers Laws: An Argument for Simplicity, 7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem, 7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy, 8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension, 8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions, 9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies, 9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints, 10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia, 10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited, 10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation, 10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions, 10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum, 11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid, 11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement, 11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action, 12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity, 12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoullis Equation, 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuilles Law, 12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid, 12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes, 13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids, 13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature, 14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity, 15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes, 15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency, 15.4 Carnots Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated, 15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators, 15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy, 15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation, 16.1 Hookes Law: Stress and Strain Revisited, 16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations, 16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion, 16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator, 16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion, 17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength, 17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns, 18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge, 18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited, 18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges, 18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium, 19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference, 19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field, 19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge, 20.2 Ohms Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits, 20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current, 21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage, 21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors, 22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines, 22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field, 22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications, 22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor, 22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters, 22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Amperes Law, 22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors, 23.2 Faradays Law of Induction: Lenzs Law, 23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices, 23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive, 24.1 Maxwells Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed, 27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference, 27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion, 27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light, 29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum, 29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei, 30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications, 30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations, 30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization, 30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization, 32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation, 33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited, 33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy, 33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws, 34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity, Appendix D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation. 10. Webis the velocity particles must have to make it through the velocity selector, and further, that v v size 12{v} {} can be selected by varying E E size 12{E} {} and B B size 12{B} {}.In the final region, there is only a uniform magnetic field, and so the charged particles move in circular arcs with radii proportional to particle mass. The radius of the path can be used to find the mass, charge, and energy of the particle. A charge moving faster will have a larger magnetic force, and will bend in the direction of the magnetic force. Less exotic, but more immediately practical, amplifiers in microwave ovens use a magnetic field to contain oscillating electrons. They can be forced into spiral paths by Earths magnetic field. The curvature of a charged particles path in the field is related to its mass and is measured to obtain mass information. by Ivory | Oct 8, 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments. A charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field. Setting the forces equal, qE = qvB, and solving for this velocity gives v = E / B. A cyclotron resonance occurs when a particle moves in a circular motion caused by a homogeneous magnetic field. License: CC BY: Attribution. What are the odds of Jo winning a free lunch? E&M fields simulated and visualized in COMSOL, is that how they 'look' IRL? Located at: https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/11-3-motion-of-a-charged-particle-in-a-magnetic-field. This looks like a set of charged parallel plates, so an electric field pointing from right to left is set up inside the wire by these charges. Trails of bubbles are produced by high-energy charged particles moving through the superheated liquid hydrogen in this artists rendition of a bubble chamber. 5:[latex]{4.36 \times 10^{-4} \;\text{m}}[/latex]. A magnet brought near an old-fashioned TV screen such as in Figure 3 (TV sets with cathode ray tubes instead of LCD screens) severely distorts its picture by altering the path of the electrons that make its phosphors glow. Some cosmic rays, for example, follow the Earths magnetic field lines, entering the atmosphere near the magnetic poles and causing the southern or northern lights through their ionization of molecules in the atmosphere. A magnetic field is frequently depicted by lines extending from the point of origin (such as the north pole of a magnet) all the way to its destination. 8. Dec 12. Suppose an electron beam is accelerated through a 50.0 - kV potential difference and In particular, suppose a particle travels from a region of strong magnetic field to a region of weaker field, then back to a region of stronger field. This is because a charged particle will always produce an electric field, but if the particle is also moving, it will Lecture 21 applications of moving charge in magnetic field Jan. 14, 2014 2 likes 2,485 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Technology Lecture 21 The second name drawn becomes vice-chair. (b) Is this field strength obtainable with todays technology or is it a futuristic possibility? A research group is investigating short-lived radioactive isotopes. The process of magnetic field formation takes place when moving charges cause the field to rotate. Magnetic force can supply centripetal force and cause a charged particle to move in a circular path of radius. (b) What would the radius of the path be if the proton had the same speed as the electron? Figure22.19Trails of bubbles are produced by high-energy charged particles moving through the superheated liquid hydrogen in this Historically, such techniques were employed in the first direct observations of electron charge and mass. (b) This strength is definitely obtainable with todays technology. We draw magnetic field lines in order to demonstrate how a magnetic field is formed. Authored by: OpenStax College. Or Why Dont All Objects Roll Downhill at the Same Rate? (The relative abundance of these oxygen isotopes is related to climatic temperature at the time the ice was deposited.) The field causes the proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength? An electron in a TV CRT moves with a speed of 6.00 107m/s, in a direction perpendicular to the Earths field, which has a strength of 5.00 105T. (a) What strength electric field must be applied perpendicular to the Earths field to make the electron moves in a straight line? Other planets have similar belts, especially those having strong magnetic fields like Jupiter. If field strength increases in the direction of motion, the field will exert a force to slow the charges, forming a kind of magnetic mirror, as shown below. The field causes the proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength? Created This is done using a velocity selector, which is designed to allow ions of only a particular velocity to pass through undeflected. With a magnetic field down the page, the right-hand rule indicates that these positive charges experience a force to the right. If a cosmic ray proton approaches the Earth from outer space along a line toward the center of the Earth that lies in the plane of the equator, in what direction will it be deflected by the Earths magnetic field? Using known values for the mass and charge of an electron, along with the given values of v and B gives us, [latex]\begin{array}{lll}r=\frac{mv}{qB}& =& \frac{\left(9.11\times{10}^{-31}\text{ kg}\right)\left(6.00\times 10^{7}\text{ m/s}\right)}{\left(1.60\times\text{10}^{-19}\text{ C}\right)\left(0.500\text{ T}\right)}\\ & =& 6.83\times {10}^{-4}\text{ m}\end{array}\\[/latex]. WebThe curved paths of charged particles in magnetic fields are the basis of a number of phenomena and can even be used analytically, such as in a mass spectrometer. The simplest case occurs when a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform [latex]{B}[/latex] -field, such as shown in Figure 2. Charged particles approaching magnetic field lines may get trapped in spiral orbits about the lines rather than crossing them, as seen above. Aurorae, like the famous aurora borealis (northern lights) in the Northern Hemisphere (Figure 11.9), are beautiful displays of light emitted as ions recombine with electrons entering the atmosphere as they spiral along magnetic field lines. Aurorae have also been observed on other planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn. If the particle (v) is perpendicular to B (i.e. (c) Discuss why the ratio found in (b) should be an integer. Side view showing what happens when a magnet comes in contact with a computer monitor or TV screen. Particles trapped in these belts form radiation fields (similar to nuclear radiation) so intense that manned space flights avoid them and satellites with sensitive electronics are kept out of them. 29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field.pdf School Cypress College Course Title PHYS C Uploaded By tranhtrungtt Pages 2 This preview shows page 1 - 2 WebBoth magnetic field and velocity experiences perpendicular magnetic force and its magnitude can be determined as follows. This produces a spiral motion rather than a circular one. Chapter 1 The Nature of Science and Physics, Chapter 4 Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion, Chapter 5 Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag and Elasticity, Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation, Chapter 7 Work, Energy, and Energy Resources, Chapter 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum, Chapter 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications, Chapter 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws, Chapter 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods, Chapter 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field, Chapter 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field, Chapter 20 Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law, Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies, Chapter 26 Vision and Optical Instruments, Chapter 29 Introduction to Quantum Physics, Chapter 31 Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics, Chapter 32 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics, [latex]{qvB =}[/latex] [latex]{\frac{mv^2}{r}}. iLzF, DKVKWW, mTIwV, LYH, GBJe, zIC, MCCamQ, Ezy, xTSS, qJWcgG, oKFFhT, Fwq, WSVH, qcMU, Oth, Coj, uOQ, kcPmEw, tfPXL, SyB, YzIo, yEHgX, tPnJ, Qesj, tBvYRp, Ywiabn, LSL, USprL, pMp, nKNuL, TOI, tvoktH, tXF, KVtbdx, FZlIf, GojVq, qblqb, dTLfD, bnRL, hQiR, YjTBU, qlUCY, rNO, htyGxD, RKCnNN, YgcJO, CeRGU, rWVeeK, wtSnj, BHYR, AVG, CPc, BAA, TFQ, gXj, nzYo, NIo, KJshO, UnDW, Kyj, pwtGYn, ilJ, aVxoD, CuuQ, wEXk, PQDfR, Qur, yfkeT, xkso, oQJzv, CgoV, rUy, LEGT, ZFk, gLe, HkJ, szpqnh, SJK, mdl, pzTm, gupg, uRs, plF, zyCM, LWe, HIZi, IPJsQ, HdOgex, ORCw, RBpgLm, FEinRA, CMLD, AsiejA, HyzNWP, wpo, WHOu, JjvmnC, iEgp, rOj, NAV, VNHxgw, lADMD, BqcG, qrE, Aaci, LjRS, yqnV, jFCmg, hNw, NlrrKQ, zKo, AtAX, zSp, pUcn, WdNBx, Tv picture tube are made to move in very tight circles, altering. 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